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-- 作者: hilary
-- 发布时间: 2003/05/13 10:46am
如何写好高考英语开放作文 ——浅评学生开放作文的习作 首都师范大学附中 马德玲 海淀教师进修学校 柳 宁 一、命题原则 今年高考将使用新的考试说明。根据2003年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(北京卷)考试说明,最大的一个变动就是在书面表达题型,即由以往的一篇情景作文调整为情景作文和开放作文两小题。将书面表达题,由以往的25分增加至35分。 新增加的第二篇作文英文为open-ending composition。它所给提示比较简略,要求学生根据提供的情景,写一段接续文字。这篇作文要求学生充分发挥想象力和创造力,自己拓展主题,组织篇章结构,既能体现出学生活跃的思维。又能表现出他们的逻辑思维能力和灵活运用英语的能力。它要求学生必须在短时间内写出一篇内容充实新颖、思想健康、符合逻辑、交际得体的,字数不少于30个字的作文。 二、解题要点 由于开放作文是今年高考的新题型,因此同学们写作的时候没有前车之鉴(范文)可循;另外对评分标准(15分)也无据可查。但是根据考试说明中对开放作文的评分原则,我们可以得知只有那些内容充实、思维活跃、逻辑清晰,交际得体的文章才能够得高分——第四档(11-15分)。而那些内容贫乏,句式单一的文章,尽管可能没有语法错误,也不能够得满分。 那么,如何写好高考开放作文呢?我们根据教学中学生们平常练习时所出现的问题,一起进行分析、探索,初步总结出要写好作文应该注意到几点事项,现在提供给大家参考: 1、认真审题,即:审语境、审人称、审时态 2、要紧扣主题,符合要求,首尾呼应 3、注意写作对象和语言风格,要有读者的意识 4、要进行细致描写,有细节的支撑 5、要有主次之分, 详略得当 6、要力求内容新颖,必须符合逻辑 7、要做到思想健康,积极向上 三、解题步骤 我们先拿一篇开放作文为例,根据它所给提示的简略语境。看一看如何着手审题。 SITUATION: One Saturday afternoon, Li Hua and Wang Ping were playing in the woods when they found a bird on the ground. They picked it up and found it wounded. Supposing you are Li Hua and Wang Ping. Please tell us what you did with the bird. 在拿到题以后,我们首先要按做到如下思考: 1、审语境: 一个星期六的下午,李华和王平在树林里玩,这时他们在地上发现一只小鸟,他们拣起小鸟的,发现小鸟受伤了 2、审人称: Supposing you are Li Hua and Wang Ping. 从此句的提示中可以看出时要求你以李华和王平两个人的口气续写,因此人称就该是we。 3、审时态: Please tell us what you did with the bird.在这个提示语中的did正是决定学生在写作中所用的时态应该是过去时。 四、浅评习作 我们先共同来看一看同学们已经写好的文章,找出其中的问题所在: 例1: If I were Li Hua I would try my best to save the bird. I would put the bird carefully into my soft hat to keep it warm. And then carried it to an animal hospital as soon as possible. I think doctor could help it. If the bird can live I would carry it back home, and took care of it until it can fly back to the woods. If it couldn’t live, I would buried it. I think whoever meet this thing will do just like what I did. Everybody would like to see this bird family live happily together, isn’t it? 【分析】 可以说这篇文章没有符合要求,因为整篇文章使用了虚拟语气。从文章的开始If I were Li Hua I would try my best to save the bird. I would put the bird carefully into my soft hat to keep it warm… 就表示一种与事实相反的陈述:“要是我是李华我就会如何……”,从作者的意识上就根本没有把“我”当做“李华”,这就没有符合我们刚刚在审题时所提到的:“假如你是李华和王平,讲述你们对这只鸟做了什么。”因此这篇文章严重不符合要求。 例2: First find the wound of the bird quickly. Second, tidy the wound carefully and softly and remember not to make the bird pain a lot. Then put some medicine on it and tie a cloth around the wound. 【分析】 从这篇文章的叙述语气上看,作者使用了祈使句。我们都知道祈使句是表示一种命令、请求等,它一般是表示将来的时态的行为。这篇文章还是犯了与前一篇同样的错误,违背了此篇作文的时态要求。 例3: I was worried about the little bird when I had picked it up. Its leg was seriously hurt. So I decided to bring it to see the doctor. But Li Hua told me that the doctor couldn’t see the animals. At last we put it on a big tree, because we believed it could be safer in the woods than in the city. We hoped it could be better now. 【分析】 1. 从这篇文章的人称上看,存在着一定的问题。我们在审题时知道了人称要用we, 按照要求此处应该是以俩个人的口气写的,可是本文却使用了“I”一个人 。另外,有的同学还用了they, 同样违背了文章关于人称要求。 2. 上面的文章还存在着一定的逻辑性问题。因为第二句已经提到了小鸟的腿严重的受伤,而第五句话中则说我们把小鸟又放回到树上。虽然有“we believed it could be safer in the woods than in the city.”和“We hoped it could be better now.”,但是既然小鸟的腿已经严重的受伤,按照正常逻辑思维,再把小鸟放回树上一般来说它也不可能活下去。 例4: First we are looking at the bird carefully in order to know where the bird has wounded. Then we treated the bird carefully and decided to take the bird to see a doctor, where it could have a better medical care. After that, when the bird is getting better, we let it free. 【分析】 这篇文章很简洁。请看划线部分,作者在这里只是单纯提到“仔细处理了一下”,但是并没有说明究竟是如何处理的。缺少细致的描写,就像建房只搭架子不用砖一样,显得空洞无味。英语写作有一条座右铭,那就是 “show more than tell”,意思是细节表达一定要多于抽象陈述,也就是写作要细节化或举例说明。我们尽量用看得见、摸得着的东西来具体表达思想。才能使文章充实、有趣,符合开放作文要求的。 例5: One day afternoon, Wang Ping and I were playing happily in the wood. We were playing balls and suddenly the ball ran into the other side of the road. I hurried to get it when I saw a bird lying there and I found it was wounded. We quickly took it to the hospital and the doctor gave the bird some medicine and we took it back home then. It was getting better and better and we decided to set it free the next day. 【分析】 洋洋洒洒的一篇文章,从语言上看没有问题,似乎很完美。就要求而言,似乎也提到了what we did。但是从文章的整体结构上看,前面的三句话都是和本文要求关系不大,只有后面的两句回答了作文的要求。也就是说这篇文章的五分之三都是脱离主题多余的话,何况文章前面已给了简略的语境提示。此文章没有做到主次之分,得不了满分。 例6: Wang Ping told me that he was a little hungry and we could eat the bird. I agreed with him and we found some dry wood and put it together. Then we cooked the bird. It was really delicious. What a happy day. 【分析】 文章语言没有问题,虽然也回答了what you did with the bird.。但事情发展的结果是把小鸟烤着吃了,而且感觉It was really delicious。结尾还说“ What a happy day.” 在世界绿色和平组织提倡人类要爱护动物,保护大自然的文明活动中,这种行为可不是人们愿意接受的。作为学生还是应该写一些思想健康的事情。 只有同学们在注意到了以上几点以后,要积极不断地总结经验,多读好范文,勤练笔常写作,才能在短时间内写出好文章。 我们来欣赏下面的两篇文章,分析一下他们的写作特点: 例7: Thinking that it might die without treatment, we took it home. I made a little nest for it and gave it some rice to eat. Some days later, the bird recovered. We took it out and let it be back to the woods. I thought we had done so good a thing. 例8: We put the bird in my hat and took it to the animal hospital. The doctor said that one of its wing was hurt. He gave us some medicine and told us to put it on the wound once a day. We took the bird home and took good care of it. A few days later, the bird could fly again. 【分析】 这两篇文章的特点是语言清晰自然,非常切合文章的要求。几个动词清晰地表达了要求中提到的what you did。文章符合逻辑,主次分明,思想健康,我们认为是两篇很好的文章。 我们再来看下一篇文章,比较一下,看它的特点在哪里: 例9: We tried to save the bird by giving it some water and food. And then we decided to take it to the animal hospital,but it was too late. After a short while, the bird couldn’t move at all and it was dead. So we dug a small hole and put the bird into it as a tomb. What a pity! 【分析】 这篇文章与前两篇同样是步骤清楚,基本符合了文章的要求。另外,它的独特之处,就是新颖一些。很多同学看到语境提示后,普遍、直观的想法就是去救小鸟,并且救活它,结局是皆大欢喜。而这篇文章写的也是在努力救小鸟,但是没有救活,后来还给它做了个小坟墓,似乎在寄托哀思。从这点来看也能表现出我们对动物的爱护。这不正是体现了文章的新颖之处吗? 的确,除了上面所提到的要注意的问题以外,内容新颖也是至关重要的。我们在写作时要注意的是求新并不等于求怪,并不是说越希奇古怪、越离谱越好。内容新颖并非是别人完全没提过的、全新的想法,而是别人在相同的情景之下讲得比较少的,又不违背逻辑的想法。因为新颖的思路能够充分表现学生的创造力,这正好符合新课标所提倡的素质教育,因此这一点是举足轻重的。 另外,我们还要提醒大家注意: ① 文章尽量要能够做到首尾呼应,使文章有一定的完整性。 ② 文章还应该做到“交际得体,表达完全与规定语境中交际对象的需求相吻合”。即具有一定的读者意识,要根据不同读者的需求,选择适当的语言风格与写作内容,也就是说在阅卷老师看完你的文章以后不会对你所表达的语言有疑虑。这样可以不影响得分。 ③ 字数要符合要求,不要过多也不要太少,过多了显得罗嗦,太少了又无法表明意思。按要求不少于30字。尽量使用口语化语言。 写作的形式是多种多样的。除了考试说明样卷中叙述形式以外,还有描写、说明、议论等形式,我们在进行开放写作练习时要鼓励学生深入思考,挖掘题材,力求内容充实、新颖、健康,同时还应该要求学生注重细节表达,培养学生写作时的读者意识。 书面表达是考查考生语言综合运用能力的题型。而语言知识是语言运用能力的基础,要提高语言综合运用能力就必须具备必要的语言知识。因此,在对学生进行写作技巧训练的同时也要重视语言的基础知识。 主要参考书目: 张在新主编:《新思路单项技能教材·写作第四级》,北京:高等教育出版社,2000年。
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